An air pollution index based on sulfur dioxide and smoke shade firstprize winner in the student paper competition conducted by the midatlantic states section of the air pollution control association was marvin h. Sulfur dioxide is also a primary contributor to acid rain, which causes acidification of lakes and streams and can damage trees, crops, buildings, and statues. Sulfur dioxide sulphur dioxide in british english is the greatest concern for the larger group of gaseous sulfur oxides sox. Sulfur dioxide emissions from motor vehicles are low compared to other forms of transport, such as shipping, boating, rail and air travel. The most serious problems have been experienced in large urban areas where coal has been used for. Methods of measuring dioxide, dustfall and suspended study. Information on setting and implementing the outdoor air quality standards for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide so 2 is a common air pollutant that belongs to the larger group of gases known as sulfur oxides sox. Air pollution and sulphur dioxide linkedin slideshare. Who air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide global update 2005. Clean air act of 1970 established national standards to limit such pollutants as sulfur dioxide, so 2 1977 amendment resulted in installation of so 2 control technologies for coalfired boilers 1990 clean air act amendments required further reductions in so 2 and nox power plant emissions that contribute to acid rain.
Pollution in australia comes from many different sources. In addition, sulfur compounds in the air contribute to visibility impairment in large parts. It is a liquid when under pressure, and it dissolves in water very easily. This overview discusses the sources and health effects of the primary pollutant groupsozone, sulfur dioxide so2, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide co, particulates, and other air toxics. Sulfur dioxide so 2 is a colourless gas with a sharp, irritating odour.
Sulfur dioxide so 2 is a gas primarily emitted from fossil fuel combustion at power plants and other industrial facilities, as well as fuel combustion in mobile sources such as locomotives, ships, and other equipment. Sources of sulfur dioxide so 2 for more information about air quality in. Mar 24, 2017 air pollution ppt and pdf for free download. Pdf air pollution by sulfur dioxide in poland impact on. Flue gas desulfurization fgd wet, spray dry, and dry scrubbers type of technology. Pdf health effects of a sulphur dioxide air pollution episode. For more information on so 2 in the air, visit epas sulfur dioxide page. It focuses on 2 common air pollutantsfine particulate. Air pollution is a mix of particles and gases that can reach harmful concentrations both outside and indoors.
Sulfur dioxide so2 is one of a group of highly reactive gasses known as oxides of sulfur, and are emitted into the air as result of fossil fuel combustion and other industrial processes. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas released from burning of coal, high sulfur coal and diesel fuel. So x can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form small particles. Sulfur dioxide so 2 is one of a group of gases called sulfur oxides so x. Like most air pollutants, sulfur dioxide poses a greater threat to sensitive groups such as the elderly, asthmatics, and young children. The highest so 2 concentrations detected by omi appear in the air directly over two of the. The objective of this study is to assess the shortterm effect of sulfur dioxide so 2 air pollution levels on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases. Petrilli1 this paperpresents a comparative survey ofthe methods andapparatus used in italy, particularly in genoa, for measuring the three main components ofcity air pollution. Natural sources of air pollution include volcanoes, which produce sulphur, chlorine and particulates. After the second world war there was a tremendous increase in so 2. This report provides estimates of the toll of air pollution on the health of new yorkers. Air pollution in the form of sulfur dioxide can have detrimental effects on human health.
While all of these gases are harmful to human health and the environment, so 2 is of greater concern. Who air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone. Jan 18, 2017 sulfur dioxide so 2 is one of a group of gases called sulfur oxides so x. By contributing to acid rain, sulfur dioxide can have significant impacts on plants. In addition, sulfur compounds in the air contribute to visibility impairment in large parts of the country. In particular, the gains greenhouse gas air pollution interactions and synergies model amann et al 2011a was used to calculate land based anthropogenic emissions for 2000, 2005 and 2010, while annual energy. The who air quality guidelines offer guidance on reducing the effects on health of air pollution. The main source of sulfur dioxide in the air is industrial activity that processes. The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide. Texas natural resource conservation commission page 1. This gas can be a threat to human health, animal health, and plant life. Who air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide global update 2005 summary of risk assessment whosdepheoeh06. Sulfur dioxide control technologies in electric power plants. Sulfur dioxide also sulphur dioxide in british english is the chemical compound with the formula s o 2.
It reacts easily with other substances to form harmful compounds, such as sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and sulfate particles. Impact of air pollution on reproductive health in northern. Sulfur dioxide so 2 is a colorless, reactive air pollutant with a strong odor. Sulfur dioxide also converts in the atmosphere to sulfates, a major part of fine particle pollution in the eastern u. Air plays a vital role not only in nature but also in the lives of human beings and all living organisms. The other gases in the group are much less common in the atmosphere. There is great concern over deteriorating air quality as. The largest sources of so2 emissions nationally are fossil fuel combustion at power plants 73 percent and other industrial facilities 20 percent. This rule establishes the initial air quality designations for four areas in texas for the 2010 primary sulfur dioxide so 2 national ambient air quality standard naaqs. Monitoring is conducted for so 2 year round, as mandated by united states environmental protection agency u.
Methods of measuring dioxide, dustfall and suspended study of. However, it presents ship owners with costrelated and strategic challenges. This work relies on existing methods and tools to estimate sulfur emissions as described in smith et al, cofala et al and amann et al. Living organisms can survive without water for some time but cannot survive without air because when we breathe then we intake oxygen from air and releases carbon dioxide. Very small fragments of solid materials or liquid droplets suspended in air are called particulates. Pdf health effects of a sulphur dioxide air pollution. The 1971 annual and 24hour sulfur dioxide standards remain in effect in areas until one 1 year after the area is designated for the 2010 standard, except that for areas designated nonattainment for the 1971 standards as of august 23, 2010, and for areas not meeting the. The main sources of sulfur dioxide emissions are from fossil fuel combustion and natural volcanic activity. Residents of the permian basin are breathing air with excessive levels of sulfur dioxide pollution, resulting from the widespread flaring of sour gas gas that contains significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Green, a graduate student at drexel institute of technology and assistant chief of philadelphias air pollution control section. Sulfur dioxide environment, land and water queensland. In the 1990 clean air act amendments, epa implemented the title iv capandtrade program to reduce emissions of so 2 and nitrogen oxides nox from power plants. Sampling and reference methods and air pollution control regulations for the entire state of missouri.
Sulfur dioxide basics sulfur dioxide so2 pollution. Some is a result of industrial activity but there are also sources of pollution that are not industrial, like cars, woodheaters and even lawn mowers. Small particles may penetrate deeply into the lungs and in sufficient quantity can contribute to health. Air quality designations for the 2010 sulfur dioxide so2.
Episodic air pollution is associated with increased dna fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality, and rubes et al. Sulfur dioxide, or so 2 is a colorless gas with a strong odor, similar to a juststruck match. Living organisms can survive without water for some time but cannot survive without air because when we breathe then we intake oxygen from air and. Sulfur dioxide dobson units 0 5 10 the image above shows measurements of sulfur dioxide so 2 in the air over one of the largest power plants in eastern europe, the maritsa iztok complex in bulgaria, on january 12, 2009. Spring, frequently measures sulfur dioxide concentrations at levels above 75 parts per billion. Methods ofmeasuring sulfur dioxide, dustfall and suspended matter in city air, andtheir usein the study ofair pollution in italy f. Air pollution by sulfur dioxide in poland impact on agriculture.
Hawaii volcanoes national park np is unique in the national park system because. This 2019 sulfur dioxide so 2 data summary report provides an overview. All standards and control measures for so 2 include all sulfur oxides, as sulfur dioxide is used as the indicator due to it has a major presence in the air its chemical formula is so 2, it is invisible and has a nasty. An official website of the united states government. May 04, 2009 environmental sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulates. Erupting volcanoes can be a significant natural source of sulfur dioxide emissions. One could also express the ratio of the number of sulfur dioxide molecules to air molecules, but this is seldom done in air pollution science. Overview of the human health and environmental and. Air pollution surrounds people every day, both indoors and outdoors.
Chapter 10 air quality department of environmental affairs. It is formed when fuel containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, is burned, creating air pollution. Air pollution control by a sulfur dioxide scrubbing system. Over 100,000 tons of so 2 were emitted in 2009 in minnesota. Sulfur dioxide has a direct impact on human health and is responsible for a variety of respiratory problems table 4. The other gases in the group are much less common in the. Read air quality and stationary source emission control. Daily mean hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart diseases ihds, and stroke in seven european areas the cities of birmingham, london, milan, paris, rome, and stockholm. Sulfur dioxide sulfur dioxide sulphur dioxide in british english is the greatest concern for the larger group of gaseous sulfur oxides so x. It is produced by burning fossil fuels and by the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulfur. It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a byproduct of copper extraction and the burning of fossil fuels contaminated with sulfur compounds. Other natural sources of air pollution include domestic animals.
Sulfur dioxide removed annually by tree cover this enviroatlas community map estimates the total kilograms of sulfur dioxide removed annually by trees in each census block group. Colorado sees significant declines in air pollution as. It is a toxic gas responsible for the smell of burnt matches. Air pollution control technology fact sheet epacica fact sheet flue gas desulfurization1 name of technology. Texas natural resource conservation commission page 1 chapter. Primary naaqs provide public health protection and secondary naaqs. Sulfur dioxide has a pungent, irritating odour, familiar as the smell of a juststruck match. Sulfur dioxide idaho department of environmental quality.
Focus on sulfur dioxide so 2, nitrogen oxides no x and mercury hg june 2002 the information presented here reflects epas modeling of the clear skies act of 2002. Fossil fuel combustion, such as in coalburning power. At least temporarily, air pollution that hurts human lungs has decreased sharply along colorados front range, and in cities worldwide, with. Read about some common air pollutants and how they can affect a persons health here. Levels in south east queensland have been consistently low due to the small number of sulfur dioxide emission sources in the region. These incidents are used to illustrate the dire health and environmental effects of air pollution when it is unregulated. Most sulfur dioxide air pollution comes from the burning of coal and oil in power plants. Wildfires result in the production of smoke, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Evidence on the developmental and reproductive toxicity. Sulfur dioxide basics sulfur dioxide so2 pollution us epa.
Sulfur dioxide in the air comes mainly from activities such as the burning of coal and oil at power plants or from copper smelting. Texas natural resource conservation commission page 2 chapter 112 control of air pollution from sulfur compounds shortstack reduction factor the factor by which the allowable emission rate must be multiplied if the source has an effective stack. Its effects can range from higher disease risks to rising temperatures. So 2 forms when sulfur containing fuel such as coal, oil, or diesel is burned. For example, solid particulates between roughly 1 and. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural or built environment, into the atmosphere. Petrilli1 this paperpresents a comparative survey ofthe methods andapparatus used in italy, particularly in genoa, for measuring the three main components ofcity air pollution sulfur dioxide, dustfall. Small particles may penetrate deeply into the lungs and in sufficient quantity can contribute to health problems. Control device absorption and reaction using an alkaline reagent to produce a solid compound. Sulfur dioxide so 2 is a gaseous air pollutant composed of sulfur and oxygen. Air quality and stationary source emission control. So 2 emissions that lead to high concentrations of so 2 in the air generally also lead to the formation of other sulfur oxides so x. Current scientific evidence links so 2 exposure with adverse impacts on the respiratory system. About 99% of the sulfur dioxide in air comes from human sources.
The rest of the lecture centers around the passage of the clean air act and its subsequent amendments. May 31, 2017 sulfur dioxide, or so 2 is a colorless gas with a strong odor, similar to a juststruck match. In nature, sulfur dioxide can be released to the air from volcanic eruptions. Who regional office for europe, copenhagen, denmark, 2000 1 chapter 10 effects of sulfur dioxide on vegetation. These particles contribute to particulate matter pm pollution. Such effects include breathing problems, particularly in asthmatics, whereas shortterm exposure can lead to chest tightness and coughing and wheezing. The objective of this study is to assess the shortterm effect of sulfur dioxide so 2 air pollution levels on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases daily mean hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart diseases ihds, and stroke in seven european areas the cities of birmingham, london, milan, paris, rome, and stockholm, and in the netherlands. When sulfur dioxide combines with water and air, it forms sulfuric acid, which is the main. Air pollution control by a sulfur dioxide scrubbing system clayton lawler olin mathieson chemical corp. The clean air act requires the epa to set national ambient air quality standards naaqs for criteria pollutants, including sulfur dioxide. Acid rain acid rain is formed when sulphur dioxide so2 and nitrogen dioxide no2 react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. The environmental protection agency epa is designating three of the areas as nonattainment because they do not meet the naaqs. Overview of the human health and environmental effects of power generation.
All standards and control measures for so 2 include all sulfur oxides, as sulfur dioxide is used as the indicator due to it has a major presence in the air. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Except for airborne lead, which is treated as a separate category, they are characterized on the basis of size and phase i. Development groups in olin mathieson had been studying the problem of sulfur recovery for many years, in connection with work done with both sulfur recovery from sour gas and the recovery of sulfur dioxide from the tail. Air pollution ppt and pdf for free download study mafia. An air pollution index based on sulfur dioxide and smoke shade. It is also emitted by trains, large ships, and some diesel. These compounds are transported in the air by the wind, until they fall to the ground in either wet or dry form. Occurring in nature in volcanic gases and in solution in the waters of some warm springs, sulfur dioxide usually is prepared industrially by the burning in air or oxygen of sulfur or such compounds of sulfur as iron pyrite or copper pyrite. Air pollution, facts and information national geographic. An air pollution index based on sulfur dioxide and smoke. Sources of air pollution include gases such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons, particulates both organic and inorganic, and biological molecules. Texas natural resource conservation commission page 3 chapter 112 control of air pollution from sulfur compounds multiple sources operated on contiguous properties to exceed a net ground level concentration of 0. This has resulted in major decreases in so 2 across the united states.
484 870 37 880 885 1420 690 811 1115 538 714 656 855 1026 876 1457 1203 944 1279 657 107 1455 879 39 1480 1464 1415 1005 352 1206 708